where m is the pitching moment and α is the angle of attack.
Therefore, the aircraft is longitudinally stable.
The lateral stability derivative (Clβ) is given by:
Gc(s) = Kp + Ki / s + Kd s
Altitude Sensor → Controller → Actuator → Aircraft → Altitude Sensor
Therefore, the aircraft is laterally stable.
SM = (xcg - xnp) / c
